On a late August afternoon my friend John Hill drove me across the city of Zurich, climbing the suburban heights until we stopped at the gates of Fluntern Cemetery. We walked up the last incline to where, among the trees and billard-table lawns, we saw the Joyces’ grave. There was no mistaking it. Just above the grave is the Giacometti-like sculpture of the writer himself, the work of American artist Milton Hebald. There James Joyce sits, in characteristic pose, deep in conversation, head tilted, one leg resting on the other knee, cigarette poised, his slim cane delicately balanced. Someone once remarked that he held his cane like a musical instrument.
Buried with him are his son Giorgio and Giorgio’s second wife, Asta Jahnke-Osterwalder, and of course Nora, that courageous Galway woman who, at the age of 20 years, followed her star. On October 8, 1904, beguiled by his wonderful talk, good looks, and great plans, she ran away to Europe with a penniless James Joyce only two years older than herself.
Sometimes it is easy to picture the young Nora Barnacle running through the lanes of Galway at the end of the 19th century. She went to school at the Presentation Convent. The nuns must have thought a lot of her because later on she worked in the convent’s little gate lodge. She was high spirited. She once dressed as a boy, and strolled around the town, no doubt thoroughly enjoying herself. She was very attractive with long auburn hair.
She had several boyfriends. Michael Bodkin, who lived at 2 Prospect Hill who was a great admirer. She felt she was too young for him. She was 15 and he was three years older. He gave her a bracelet. It is said that one night he got up from his sickbed and threw pebbles up against her window. Just to speak to her. He later died from TB
Another boyfriend was a Protestant, William Mulvagh, which earned her such a thrashing from her uncle Tim Healy that she ran away to Dublin. Some weeks later a cocky James Joyce stopped her in the street, and began chatting her up. He asked her out for a date. She agreed. But she didn’t turn up. He wrote begging for a second chance, and on June 16 1904 she turned up. The two young people walked out to Ringsend to a quiet place for a court. They were together for the next 32 years.
Happiest in Paris
Despite a very challenging life Nora coped remarkably well. She came from a small town in the west of Ireland, yet quickly adapted to their nomadic and cosmopolitan lifestyle. She later admitted that being married to a writer was a ‘difficult life’ (they did not actually get married until July 4 1931 ).
They had two children early on in their relationship, Giorgio and Lucia, whom they raised on the indifferent wages earned by Joyce teaching English, and by her taking in laundry. She tolerated her husband’s brief infatuations with other women, and did her best to manage his erratic behaviour and drinking binges. Once she threatened that if he didn’t stop drinking she would have the children baptised!
She endured his obsessive jealousy over her former lovers, and learned fluent Italian and German. She spoke French with some hesitancy. She appeared in plays that Joyce organised in Zurich during their first sojourn there, taking shelter during World War I. She was highly praised for her role as Cathleen in Riders to the Sea (June 17 1918 ). She was happiest in Paris, where they spent most of their lives. Her husband was lionised there; and they enjoyed some financial security. Nora loved glamorous clothes, having her photograph taken, and the opera.
Of all the mad, tumbling words Joyce used to describe his passion for her in his intimate letters, he also called her ‘my beautiful wild flower of the hedges’. She inspired his famous fictional women: Gretta Conroy, Molly Bloom and Anna Livia Plurabelle. The most eloquent tribute paid by Joyce to Nora was to set the date for his day-long masterpiece Ulysses on June 16 the same day he and Nora first walked out together. It is affectionally known as Bloomsday today.
Nora was devastated.
And then another war, and a second refuge sought in Switzerland. In December 1940, Joyce and Nora, with their son, Giorgio and their grandson Stephen and his bicycle, arrived exhausted in Zurich after considerable difficulty gaining the appropriate papers from the German and Swiss authorities. To their deep regret they had left behind their daughter Lucia in a psychiatric hospital in Brittany (they believed that they could get her to follow them once they were settled ).* But barely two months later, January 13 1941, Joyce suddenly died following complications arising from a stomach ulcer.
Nora was devastated. During the short burial service ‘she remained erect and dry-eyed’, watching as the coffin was lowered into the grave. For a moment Joyce’s face was visible through the small vitrine in the coffin lid. She suddenly cried out: “ Jim, how beautiful you are!” She had gone to considerable trouble to have a wreath made of green leaves in the shape of a harp. “Per il mio Jim che amava tanto la musica” (I chose this for my Jim who so loved music ).
Also included in the small crowd was the British minister to Bern, Lord Derwent. “Of all the injustices Britain has heaped upon Ireland,” he said, “Ireland will continue to enjoy the lasting revenge of producing masterpieces of English literature.”
Joseph P Walshe, the secretary of the Department of External Affairs in Dublin, sent a message to the chargé d’affaires in Bern, Frank Cremins, asking: ‘Did he die a Catholic?’ while instructing him not to attend the funeral.
A fitting repository
WB Yeats died in the South of France on the eve of the Second World War in January 1939. He was temporarily buried at a near-by cemetery, and in 1948 his remains were collected at Nice by the Irish corvette LE Macha, ** and brought to Galway, from where it was taken by road to Drumcliffe churchyard, Sligo, for reinterment.
For a while Nora hoped that the same respect would be shown to her husband. She sent out feelers through friends only to be refused by the Irish Government ‘due to the hostility towards Joyce among the Catholic clergy, scholars and politicians’. Later Séan MacBride, Minister for External Affairs, who had facilitated the Yeats’ reburial, wrote to Nora praising Joyce’s works, and requesting that the manuscripts of Finnegans Wake would be donated to the National Library, Dublin. Nora was adamant. If Ireland did not want her husband’s body, Nora said, it should not have his manuscripts.The British Museum, she insisted would be a more fitting repository.’
The lions roar
Nora, survived ‘her poor Jim’ by 10 years, most of the time practically crippled by arthritis. She and Giorgio also had to struggle to get any royalties due arising from Joyce’s books. After some years of real hardship, some money came trickling through. She had the pleasure of living to see her husband’s reputation soar on the international literary scene. She visited Paris to try to tidy up her family affairs. She never saw her daughter again, and often walked up with difficulty, or supported by Giorgio, to visit her husband’s grave. “ I often think he must like the cemetery he is in. It is near the zoo, and you can hear the lions roar.”
On that August afternoon, my friend and I listened to see if we could hear lions roar. No. But we did hear the sounds of wild birds, or was it monkeys? screeching?.
I placed a small bouquet of summer flowers, which I had picked in Galway earlier that morning, on her name.
NOTES: * In 1951 Lucia, who outlived her family, was later transferred to St Andrews Hospital, Northamptonshire, where she died in 1982 at 75 years old. She is buried at nearby Kingsthorpe Cemetery.
** This was the first overseas deployment of an Irish Naval Services’ vessel.
Sources for the above include Nora - A biography of Nora Joyce, by Brenda Maddox, published by Hamish Hamilton 1988, and article in Irish Times by Anthony Jordan, October 28, 2019
- Tomorrow is June 16, Bloomsday, and if I may make a gentle observation that it is unfortunate that the Barnacle family home, in Bowling Green, where Nora spent her early years, and which was lovingly restored by Sheila and Mary Gallagher, is still closed to the public. It would cost money to reopen it as a visitor’s centre, but only a modest amount. A guide could be paid from the donation box. It was visited, by Joyce and the children in 1912; and later again by Nora and her children. It was brave of Joyce to arrive at the Barnacle home considering that he had run off with their daughter, but they adored him. The Joyce’s grandson, Stephen and his wife Solange visited his grandmother’s house on two occasions. They loved how it was restored.
It is one of Galway’s heritage treasures. Surely there must be a way to show ourselves and our visitors how proud we are of Nora.
